Effective adsorption of drug from aqueous solution using citric acid functionalized magnetite nanoparticles and their antibacterial studies

The synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles and their applications after surface modification have drawn in the eye of researchers toward it all through the previous a few times. In the present study, the synthesis of citric acid-modified magnetic nanoparticles has been reported. Numerous technical approaches such as x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were accustomed to characterize these synthesized magnetite nanoparticles. The main emphasis of this examination was to study the adsorption behavior of these synthesized nanoparticles for ciprofloxacin drug from aqueous solution. The influences of various experimental parameters including pH, the contact time, amount of nanoparticles and initial concentration of ciprofloxacin drug, were investigated simultaneously. Moreover, isotherm study was observed to follow Langmuir isotherm model and the value of maximum adsorption capacity was 20.65 mg/g as calculated. Furthermore, the kinetic study was found to fit well with pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The overall study suggested that these functionalized magnetite nanoparticles can be utilized as a proficient tool for the adsorption of drug from aqueous solution. The antibacterial behavior of these drug loaded nanoparticles was also scrutinized.

Filogenia y resistencia de cepas de Escherichia coli productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido a los antibióticos en pacientes con cáncer hospitalizados en Perú / Phylogeny and antimicrobial resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- producing Escherichia coli from hospitalized oncology patients in Perú

Introducción. Las infecciones asociadas con la atención en salud constituyen un problema de salud pública porque aumentan la morbimortalidad de los pacientes, sobre todo de aquellos con factores de riesgo, como la inmunosupresión debida a enfermedades oncológicas. Es importante conocer la diversidad genética de los principales microorganimos causantes de infecciones hospitalarias mediante la vigilancia epidemiológica tradicional y la epidemiología molecular, para hacer un mejor seguimiento y detectar brotes tempranamente. Objetivo. Determinar el grupo filogenético y la resistencia a antibióticos de las cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas de pacientes con cáncer hospitalizados. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de tipo transversal que incluyó 67 cepas de Escherichia coli productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Se determinó el grupo filogenético, el perfil de resistencia a los antibióticos, los genes de resistencia a betalactámicos, el tipo de las muestras y los servicios de hospitalización de donde fueron recuperadas. Resultados. El grupo filogenético más frecuente fue el B2 (36 %). El 57 % de las cepas B2 fueron aisladas de muestras de orina y el 33 % provenía del servicio de urología. La resistencia a ciprofloxacino y gentamicina fue de 91 y 53 %, respectivamente, y el 79 % de las cepas tenía el gen blaCTX-M. Se encontró una relación significativa (p<0,05) entre los grupos filogenéticos y la resistencia a ciprofloxacina, así como a la edad del paciente. Conclusión. El filogrupo de E. coli predominante fue el B2. Se evidenció una gran resistencia a ciprofloxacina y gentamicina, una proporción elevada de cepas BLEE con el blaCTX-M, y una relación entre el grupo filogenético y la resistencia a ciprofloxacino.

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections are a public health problem due to the increased morbimortality of patients, especially those with risk factors such as immunosuppression due to oncological diseases. It is essential to determine the genetic diversity of the main microorganisms causing healthcare infections by combining traditional epidemiological surveillance and molecular epidemiology for better outbreak follow-up and early detection. Objective: To determine the phylogenetic group and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coliisolated from hospitalized oncologic patients. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 67 strains of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli to determine their phylogenetic group and described their antibiotic resistance profile, beta-lactam resistance genes, as well as the type of sample and the hospitalization areas from which they were recovered. Results: The most frequent phylogenetic group was B2 (36%); 57% of B2 strains were isolated from urine and 33% came from the urology department. Resistance to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin was 92% and 53%, respectively, and 79% of the strains had the blaCTX-Mgene. A significant association (p<0.05) was found between the phylogenetic groups, ciprofloxacin resistance, and the age of the patients. Conclusion: The predominant E. coli phylogroup was B2. We evidenced high resistance to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, a high proportion of ESBL strains with the blaCTX-M gene, and a significant association between the phylogenetic group and the resistance to ciprofloxacin.

Evaluation of the efficiency of ciprofloxacin against S. Typhi by altering the production of cytokines in acute typhoid fever in patients at Al-Diwaniyah Hospitals, Iraq

Aims@#Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease in the developing world that claims >600,000 deaths per year. Its causative agent Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhi) can be treated with ciprofloxacin, an effective broad-spectrum antibiotic that enhances the natural host defenses. However, the emergence of resistant bacterial strains may be a warning alarm against the clinical use of this antibiotic. This study was aimed to investigate the efficiency of ciprofloxacin treatment (250 mg/mL) against S. Typhi by altering the production of serum cytokines IL-10, 1L-6 and TNF-α in acute typhoid fever patients in Diwanyah Hospitals.@*Methodology and results@#ELISA and Western Blot methods were used to investigate cytokine levels in patients and healthy controls sera. Our results showed that all cytokines’ levels before treatment with ciprofloxacin were significantly higher than the control (healthy group). However, treated patients with ciprofloxacin revealed a significantly reduced concentration of IL-10 and TNF-α compared to untreated control samples. However, the level of IL-6 was higher even with ciprofloxacin treatment.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The study concluded that ciprofloxacin (250 mg/mL) might significantly alter serum cytokines IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α levels in acute typhoid fever patients. Therefore, further molecular studies are essential to understand the effect of ciprofloxacin on the production of cytokines.

Molecular interactions between the main components of Shuanghuanglian injection and ciprofloxacin injection based on self-assembly / 药学学报

The combination of Shuanghuanglian injection (SHLI) and ciprofloxacin injection (CIPI) is frequently prescribed in clinical practice, but the basis for the combination is weak. In this study, isothermal titration calorimetry and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrometry were applied to identify the molecular interactions of SHLI and its main components, chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid with CIPI. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and cold-spray ionization mass spectrometry were performed to confirm that this molecular interaction was related to the formation of self-assembled supramolecular systems induced by chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid with CIPI through weak intermolecular bonds. The antibacterial activity toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) was evaluated via molecular interactions, and the inhibitory ability of SHLI, chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid against P. aeruginosa was significantly reduced after interaction with CIPI. A molecular docking study demonstrated that the reduced antibacterial ability was closely related to the competitive binding of drug molecules to the same binding site of the DNA gyrase B (GyrB) subunit of P. aeruginosa. The present study uncovered the intermolecular interactions of SHLI and its main components chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid with CIPI from the perspective of molecular self-assembly and contribute to the reduction of its antibacterial ability, providing a basis for the clinical combination of SHLI and CIPI.

Comparative effect of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin on the modulation of bile acid profiles and gut microbiota in rats

Abstract Fluoroquinolones are an important class of antimicrobial agents to manage infectious diseases. However, knowledge about how host bile acids are modified by fluoroquinolones is limited. We investigated and compared the impact of fluoroquinolones on circulating bile acid profiles and gut microbiota from in vivo studies. We administered ciprofloxacin (100 mg/kg/day) or moxifloxacin (40 mg/kg/day) orally to male Wistar rats for seven days. Fifteen bile acids (BAs) from the serum and large intestine were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. The diversity of gut microbiota after ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin treatment was analyzed using high-throughput, next-generation sequencing technology. The two fluoroquinolone-treated groups had different BA profiles. Ciprofloxacin significantly reduced the hydrophobicity index of the BA pool, reduced secondary BAs, and increased taurine-conjugated primary BAs in both the serum and large intestine as compared with moxifloxacin. Besides, ciprofloxacin treatment altered intestinal microbiota with a remarkable increase in Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, while moxifloxacin exerted no effect. What we found suggests that different fluoroquinolones have a distinct effect on the host BAs metabolism and intestinal bacteria, and therefore provide guidance on the selection of fluoroquinolones to treat infectious diseases.

Fluoroquinolonas en aves, huevos, alimentos avícolas y su impacto en la microbiota intestinal de aves / Fluoroquinolone in birds, eggs, poultry feeds and their impact on the intestinal microbiota

Se detectó la presencia de fluoroquinolonas en varios alimentos (huevos, alimentos para aves y pechuga de pollo), así como determinar el perfil de susceptibilidad de ácido nalidíxico y ciprofloxacina de las enterobacterias aisladas del contenido intestinal de pollos de Cumaná. Se estudiaron alimentos iniciadores y de engorde (de cinco marcas comerciales) y uno para gallinas ponedoras, así como pechugas de pollos nacionales y de Brasil. I-2 y E-1 fueron los que tuvieron las concentraciones más altas de enrofloxacina. El alimento para las gallinas ponedoras (AP 2,35 µg/mg) tuvo más enrofloxacina que los de los pollos. En los huevos, la mayor acumulación se vio en las yemas. Los pollos nacionales (0,43-0,56 µg/mg) acumularon más ciprofloxacina que los pollos de Brasil (0,14 µg/mg). De los hisopados rectales de los pollos, E. coli fue la principal especie aislada. Por antibiograma, 48% de las cepas fueron resistentes a las quinolonas probadas (ácido nalidíxico y ciprofloxacina). Cuando se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria a ciprofloxacina, todas las cepas fueron resistentes (8-128 µg/ml). Todos los alimentos muestreados exceden los límites máximos de fluoroquinolonas permitidos en humanos, lo cual ejerce una presión selectiva importante en las bacterias de la microbiota intestinal de los pollos

To detect the presence of fluoroquinolones in several foods (eggs, poultry food and chicken breast), as well as to determine the susceptibility profile of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin of strains of enterobacterias from chicken's intestinal content from Cumaná. Starter and fattening foods (of five commercial marks), and one for laying hens, were studied, as well as domestic chicken's breast (and Brazil. I-2 and E-1 were the ones with the highest concentrations of enrofloxacin. The food for laying hens (AP 2,35 µg/mg) had more enrofloxacin than those for chickens. In eggs, greatest accumulation was seen in the yolks. Domestic chickens (0,43-0,56 µg/mg) accumulated more ciprofloxacin than Brazilian ones (0,14 µg/mg). E. coli was the main specie from chicken rectal swabs. By antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 48% were resistant to both quinolones (nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin). When the minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin was determined, all strains were resistant (8-128 µg/ml). All sampled foods exceeded the maximum limits of fluoroquinolones allowed in humans, which puts significant selective pressure on the bacteria in the chicken gut microbiota

Impact of urinary selective antibiogram in primary care / Impacto do antibiograma seletivo nas uroculturas em cuidados primários

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Selective reporting of antibiotic susceptibility test results (selective antibiogram), is increasingly recognized as one of the key strategies of antibiotic stewardship programs. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of selective susceptibility reporting on ciprofloxacin utilization and Escherichia coli susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in the outpatient setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A selective reporting policy was created and implemented in 2011. The policy involves the non-reporting of ciprofloxacin susceptibility to Enterobacteriaceae isolated in a urine sample when there was susceptibility to other agents with narrow spectrum. The outcomes evaluated were outpatient ciprofloxacin utilization and E. coli susceptibility to ciprofloxacin between January 2011 and December 2018 RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2018 we detected an increased susceptibility rate of E. coli to ciprofloxacin from 79% to 87% (p < 0.001) and a decreased incidence rate of E. coli resistant to ciprofloxacin from 2.52 to 0.87 (p < 0.001). The ciprofloxacin dropped from 0.75 defined daily doses (DHD) to 0.36 DHD and there was a compensatory increase in nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin utilization. DISCUSSION: Our study showed that selective reporting can influence prescribing practice in a community level and encourages clinicians to select more narrow-spectrum and cost-effective antimicrobial agents in UTIs. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that selective antibiogram should be considered an effective prevention strategy to reduce targeted antimicrobial utilization.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La notificación selectiva de resultados de la prueba de susceptibilidad bacteriana (antibiograma selectivo) es conocida como una de las estrategias clave de los programas de optimización de antimicrobianos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el impacto del antibiograma selectivo en el consumo de ciprofloxacino y la sensibilidad de la bacteria Escherichia coli al ciprofloxacino en la atención básica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La política de informe selectivo fue creada e implementada en 2011 e incluyó la no trasmisión, en el antibiograma, de sensibilidad de Enterobacteriaceae al ciprofloxacino en muestras urinarias cuando había sensibilidad a otros agentes de espectro reducido. Los desenlaces evaluados fueron el consumo de ciprofloxacino y la evolución de sensibilidad de E. coli al ciprofloxacino entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2018. RESULTADOS En esse período, se detectó un aumento en la tasa de sensibilidad de E. coli al ciprofloxacino, del 79% al 87% (p < 0,001). La tasa de incidencia de E. coli resistente al ciprofloxacino descendió de 2,52 a 0,87 (p < 0,001). El consumo de ciprofloxacino tuvo un descenso de 0,75 doses por mil habitantes día (DHD) a 0,36 DHD. Al mismo tiempo, un aumento compensatorio se observó en el consumo de nitrofurantoína y fosfomicina. DISCUSIÓN: Nuestro estudio demostró que el uso del antibiograma selectivo influyó en la práctica de prescripción de antimicrobianos y animó a los médicos generales a elegir antimicrobianos de espectro más reducido y con mejor relación de costo-beneficio. CONCLUSIÓN: Nuestros resultados sugieren que la utilización de antibiogramas selectivos debe ser considerada una estrategia efectiva en la reducción del consumo de determinados antimicrobianos.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A notificação seletiva dos resultados do teste de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos (antibiograma seletivo) é conhecida como uma das estratégias-chave dos programas de apoio à prescrição de antibióticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o impacto do antibiograma seletivo no consumo de ciprofloxacino e a suscetibilidade da bactéria Escherichia coli ao ciprofloxacino nos cuidados primários. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: A política de notificação seletiva foi criada e implementada em 2011 e envolveu a não transmissão, no antibiograma, da suscetibilidade da família Enterobacteriaceae ao ciprofloxacino em amostras urinárias quando existia suscetibilidade a outros agentes com menor espectro. Os desfechos avaliados foram consumo de ciprofloxacino e evolução da suscetibilidade de E. coli ao ciprofloxacino entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2018. RESULTADOS: Nesse período, um aumento foi detectado na taxa de suscetibilidade de E. coli ao ciprofloxacino, de 79% a 87% (p < 0,001). A taxa de incidência de E. coli resistente ao ciprofloxacino diminuiu de 2,52 para 0,87 (p < 0,001). O consumo de ciprofloxacino teve uma queda de 0,75 doses diárias definidas (DHD) para 0,36 DHD. Simultaneamente, um aumento compensatório foi observado no consumo de nitrofurantoína e fosfomicina. DISCUSSÃO: Nosso estudo demonstrou que a utilização do antibiograma seletivo influenciou a prática de prescrição dos antimicrobianos e incentivou os clínicos gerais a selecionar antimicrobianos de espectro de ação mais reduzido e com melhor relação custo-benefício. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados sugerem que a utilização de antibiogramas seletivos deve ser considerada uma estratégia eficaz na redução do consumo de determinados antimicrobianos.

An LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous analysis of the cystic fibrosis therapeutic drugs colistin,ivacaftor and ciprofloxacin / 药物分析学报

Inhaled antibiotics such as colistin and ciprofloxacin are increasingly used to treat bacterial lung in-fections in cystic fibrosis patients.In this study,we established and validated a new HPLC-MS/MS method that could simultaneously detect drug concentrations of ciprofloxacin,colistin and ivacaftor in rat plasma,human epithelial cell lysate,cell culture medium,and drug transport media.An aliquot of 200 μL drug-containing rat plasma or cell culture medium was treated with 600 μL of extraction solution(acetonitrile containing 0.1％ formic acid and 0.2％ trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)).The addition of 0.2％ TFA helped to break the drug-protein bonds.Moreover,the addition of 0.1％ formic acid to the transport medium and cell lysate samples could significantly improve the response and reproducibility.After vortexing and centrifuging,the sample components were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS.The multiple re-action monitoring mode was used to detect the following transitions:585.5-101.1 (colistin A),578.5-101.1 (colistin B),393.2-337.2 (ivacaftor),332.2-314.2 (ciprofloxacin),602.3-101.1 (polymyxin 81 as internal standard (IS)) and 595.4-101.1 (polymyxin B2 as IS).The running time of a single sample was only 6 min,making this a time-efficient method.Linear correlations were found for colistin A at 0.029-5.82 μg/mL.colistin B at 0.016-3.14 μg/mL.ivacaftor at 0.05-10.0 μg/mL,and ciprofloxacin at 0.043-8.58 μg/mL.Accuracy,precision,and stability of the method were within the acceptable range.This method would be highly useful for research on cytotoxicity,animal pharmacokinetics,and in vitro drug delivery.

Sensitivity of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone in children with urinary tract infections

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the 2nd commonest bacterial infections, after respiratory tract infections (RTIs), and may go on to progress into chronic kidney disease among paediatric population. The objective of this study was to determine frequency of sensitivity of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone in children with urinary tract infections (UTIs).Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was done at the department of pediatric medicine, Nishtar Hospital, Multan, from 10th August 2019 to 9th January 2020. A total of 165 patients presenting with UTI and aged 2 to 12 years of either gender were included. Urine sample was taken in sterilized container and sent immediately for urine culture and sensitivity tests.Results: In a total of 165 cases, mean age was 5.15±2.50 years while most cases, 113 (68.48%) were between 2 to 6 years of age. Out of the 165 patients, 112 (67.87%) were female representing female to male ratio of 2.1:1. Sensitivity of ciprofloxacin in 53 (32.12%) and ceftriaxone in 107 (64.85%) patients was found.Conclusions: This study showed the sensitivity of ciprofloxacin in 32.12% and ceftriaxone in 64.9% children with UTIs.

Pattern of Ciprofloxacin Prescribing at Outpatient Setting in Al-Kharj

Aim: The study was conducted to demonstrate the pattern of ciprofloxacin prescribing at outpatient Setting in Al-kharj.Methodology:A retrospective study was conducted to demonstrate the pattern of ciprofloxacin prescribing. The Information was collected from electronic prescriptions in a public hospital in Al-Kharj city. The data was processed using Microsoft Exceland the descriptive data was represented as frequencies and percentages.Results:There were 611 ciprofloxacin prescriptions in 2018. Ciprofloxacin is the 5thmost commonly prescribing antibiotics in the outpatient setting in 2018. The majority of the patients were in the age level between 20-39 (53.51%). Out of 773 prescriptions, 162 were excluded (eye or ear drops). There were 608 tablets (99.51%).Conclusion:Ciprofloxacin is one of the common prescribed antibiotics in the outpatient settings. If it is prescribed inappropriately it will lead to increase bacterial resistance rate, increase adverse effects and increase the cost of the treatment. It should be prescribed appropriately and the patients should be monitored frequently during its use

Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin adversely affect male infertility indicated by pharmacological, andrological and pathological evidence

Background: Drug-induced reproductive organs toxicities is an important aetiology in investigation of male infertility. The aim is to study levofloxacin effect on male reproductive system in comparison to ciprofloxacin.Methods: Twenty-five male wister rats weighted 230±20 gm and aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into five groups of five. The first group received ciprofloxacin with dose 78.23 mg/kg/day in 2 doses (therapeutic dose). The second group received the double dose of the first group ciprofloxacin. The third group received levofloxacin with dose 39.11 mg/kg/day once daily (OD) (therapeutic dose). The Fourth group received the double dose of the third group levofloxacin. However, the fifth group served as a control and received normal saline with carboxymethylcellulose OD. All treatments were administered orally for 14 days. On the 15th day, blood samples and reproductive organs were obtained from all rats. Testicular tissues were prepared for genetic testing and chemical and microscopical examination.Results: Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin negatively altered reproductive organ weights, sperm parameters and serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) level (p<0.05). Additionally, serum testosterone level was significantly deceased in ciprofloxacin-treated group (the double dose) (p<0.05) relative to control. The difference between ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was significant in seminal vesicle weight and serum LH and FSH level (p<0.05). Testicular histopathological changes were also found with the two drugs with different degrees. Effects of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were dose-dependent.Conclusions: Both ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin adversely affect andrological function that should be monitored and controlled during application of these drugs.

Assessing The Rationale Of Fdc Containing Ofloxacin And Azoles: Dissolution, Permeation And Antimicrobial Studies

Objective: To study fixed-dose combinations (FDC) of antibacterial and antiprotozoal products (ofloxacin and azoles), prescribed for the treatment of diarrhea. Methods: Rationality of these FDC products was verified by assessing parameters such as drug content and release by assay and dissolution tests, respectively mentioned in the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP). Amount of drug solubilized and permeated as per the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) was determined. Ex vivo permeation study was performed on the gut of goat using the everted gut sac technique. Antimicrobial efficacy in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was assessed using agar well diffusion method against Shigella boydii, the causative agent for diarrhea. Comparative studies were performed on an individual as well as combination doses of antibacterial and antiprotozoal products for the synergistic effects to assess the rationale of these FDC. Results: The BCS solubility of ciprofloxacin (CPX), norfloxacin (NFX) and tinidazole (TNZ) was high in acidic medium (pH 1-5) and decreased at pH above 5. The assay studies showed that the individual drug contents of FDC were within the IP limits. In vitro dissolution results for both, individual drugs and their combination illustrated 99 % drug release within 30 min in 0.01N HCl. Ex vivo permeation of TNZ was higher than CPX and NFX in individual drugs. No significant change in the permeation rate was observed for individual drugs and their FDC. CPX and NFX exhibited more antimicrobial activity in terms of inhibitory zones than their FDC with antiprotozoal TNZ, above 2.5 µg/ml MIC. The pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and antimicrobial evaluation study showed the similarity of FDC with the individual drugs. Conclusion: The study showed no significant data to justify the therapeutic advantage of FDC over individual drugs.

Microbiological Screening Of Otorrhoea From People Coming To Hospital In Mahajanga

Background: Otorrhoea commonly hits young people. Ciprofloxacin and rifampicin are the two ear drop antibiotics commonly used for the probabilistic treatmentof otitis in Madagascar. This study aimedto determine the potentially dangerous bacteria involved in otitis and to identify their resistance to fluoroquinolone or rifampicin. Method: A pro-spective study was conducted with the collaboration ofthe Ear Nose and Throat unit (ENT) at the laboratory of UHC PZaGa in Mahajanga. In whole, 56 patients were included. Samplings of otorrhoeawere performed by aspirating the auditory canal using 2ml sterile syringeand then were headed to thelaboratory in less than 30 minutes for analysis. Results:Amidst identified microorganisms were fungus (4,7%) and bacteria (95,3%) to which Gram-negative bacilli represented72.1% (n=44), Gram-positive cocci 6.4% (n=10), Gram-positive bacilli 8.2% (n=5) and Gram-negative cocci 3.3% (n=2). Amongthese bacterias, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus sp were predominant, with respec-tively 41% (n=25), 23% (n=14). However,three casesof S. aureusreported six with negative coagulaseStaphylococ-cus, one with Escherichia coli, one with Klebsiella sp, one with Haemophilus sp, two cases with Neisseria sp and four cases with Corynebacterium sp. Two types of cultures were noticed, one of them monomorphic (91.1%, n=51) and the other polymorphic (8.9%, n=5) to which three associations of P. aeruginosa-Proteus sp, 1 association of P. aerugino-sa-coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and one association of P. aeruginosa-E. coli. No resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed with Pseudomonas, Neisseria sp, Haemophilus, and enterobacteria except for E. coli. No resistance to rifampicin was observed with S. aureus. However, the sensitivity of S. aureus to ciprofloxacin decreased(one bacte-rium out of three). Conclusion:The use of rifampicin or fluoroquinolones should be based on the type of ear infec-tions. Rifampicin is suggested only if S. aureuswas responsible for otitis. Ciprofloxacin use is still yet sensible to Gram-negative bacilli.

Prevention of bone infection after open fracture using a chitosan with ciprofloxacin implant in animal model

Abstract Purpose To evaluate different concentrations of ciprofloxacin to prevent infection after open fracture contaminated with S. aureus in rats using absorbable local delivery system. Methods Fifty-two Wistar rats were assigned to six groups. After 4 weeks, all animals underwent 99mTc-ceftizoxima scintigraphy evaluation, callus formation measurement and histological analysis. ANOVA, t-Student and Kruskal Wallis were used for quantitative variables statistical analysis, whereas qui square and exact Fisher were used for qualitative variables. Results Treatment using 25% and 50% of ciprofloxacin incorporated at the fracture fixation device were effective in preventing bone infection compared to control group (p<0.05). Chitosan were not effective in preventing bone infection when used alone compared to control group (p>0.05). Histological findings demonstrated bone-healing delay with 50% of ciprofloxacin. No difference in callus formation were observed (p>0.05). Conclusion Local delivery treatment for contaminated open fracture using chitosan with ciprofloxacin is effective above 25%.

Advances on metabolizing enzyme and transporter mediated potential interactions between ciprofloxacin and Chinese materia medica / 中草药

The combination of Chinese and Western medicine is common in clinical practice. Ciprofloxacin is one of the most commonly used fluoroquinolones for the treatment of infectious diseases. In order to improve the therapeutic effect of infectious diseases or cope with patients with multiple diseases at the same time, the combination of ciprofloxacin with one or more traditional Chinese medicines is more common. The herb-drug interactions produced by the combination of Chinese materia medica and ciprofloxacin may play an active role in increasing efficacy and reducing toxicity, and may also lead to treatment failure or adverse reactions. The herb-drug interaction mechanisms will occur in the course of absorption (A), distribution (D), metabolism (M), and excretion (E). The effects of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters on the ADME process of ciprofloxacin have received much attention in recent years. Therefore, this paper reviews the potential interaction between common Chinese medicine and ciprofloxacin from the perspective of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. It is expected to provide the basis on the rational use of ciprofloxacin and Chinese materia medica.

The Synthesis, Screening Of Novel 1-Substituted-3-(4-Oxo-2-Phenylquinazolin-3(4h)-Yl) Urea And Thiourea Analogues As Potent Antibacterials

Objective: The proposed study is an attempt to determine antibacterial activity of synthesized novel 1-substituted-3-(4-oxo-2-phenylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl) urea and thiourea analogues as potent antibacterials against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. Methods: The present study reports new series of 1-substituted-3-(4-oxo-2-phenylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl) urea and thiourea derivatives as potent antibacterial agents. Reagents used in the present study were of synthetic grade and solvents were used after distillation. Novel quinazolinone analogues were synthesized by considering substitution pattern, characterization of the synthesized analogues was performed using various techniques like Thin layer chromatography, Melting point, Infrared spectroscopy, Proton NMR spectrometry and Mass spectrometry. TLC of the synthesized analogues was carried out by using (toluene: methanol in the ratio 2:1), melting point was found by open capillary method, IR spectrum was recorded on JASCO V-530, 1H NMR was recorded on Bruker Avance Spectrometer and Mass spectra were obtained from G6460A, triple quadrupole/MS/MS system. In vitro antibacterial activity was performed against S. aureus and E. coli. Results: Six derivatives of quinazolinone analogues were synthesized. The structures of 1-substituted-3-(4-oxo-2-phenylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl) urea and thiourea derivatives were confirmed by physical and spectral analysis. Synthesized molecules showed Rf of 0.45-0.80 in toluene: methanol mobile phase, melting point was carried out by open capillary method and were in range of 90-210 ° C, IR spectrum was recorded in range of 14000-400 cm-1and showed characteristic peaks of NH and of C-O-NH, 1H NMR of the compounds was distinct to confirm structures with delta values in the range of 7.53-11.960, Mass spectra proved parent peaks of synthesized compounds confirming molecular weight. The compounds were assayed for antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli using ciprofloxacin as standard. The synthesized analogues have shown good yield and comparable antibacterial. Conclusion: The present study delivers a convenient and efficient protocol for the quinazolinone analogues synthesis.

Topical ciprofloxacin induced ocular toxicity: case report

Ciprofloxacin is a commonly used fluoroquinolone group of antimicrobial which is used for treating infective conditions like community acquired pneumonia and urinary tract infections. A patient of cataract was treated with ciprofloxacin eye drop as her pre-operative medication. She presented after four days with itching and redness in her right eye with swelling of the peri-orbital skin. We report this rare case where topical application of ciprofloxacin was responsible for the ocular symptoms.

Synthesis and antiplasmodial evaluation of a ciprofloxacin-dihydroartemisinin conjugate

A dihydroartemisinin-ciprofloxacin hybrid was synthesized and its antiplasmodial activity was evaluated againstthe 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. It was hypothesized that linking the artemisinin pharmacophore (whichtargets the heme detoxification pathway of the malaria parasite) with the fluoroquinolone scaffold (which targetsplasmodial DNA gyrase enzyme) will produce a hybrid antimalarial compound with enhanced potency. The hybridwas synthesized by esterifying the carboxyl group of ciprofloxacin with the hydroxyl group of dihydroartemisinin; itdisplayed excellent antimalarial activity against the strain of P. falciparum tested with between 3- and 4-fold greateractivity (IC50: 2.99 nM) compared to the reference drugs chloroquine (IC50: 13.003 nM) and dihydroartemisinin alone(IC50: 9.968 nM) against the parasite. The synthesized compound was also tested for its in vitro cytotoxicity and itwas found to be relatively non-cytotoxic (LC50: 50.78 µg/ml) as compared to cyclophosphamide (LC50: 1.08 µg/ml). In silico prediction of the Lipinski properties of the hybrid showed that the compound possesses good drug-likeproperties. The hybrid demonstrated the good activity with minimal toxicity and is, therefore, a potential candidate forfurther exploration in the quest for desperately needed new antimalarial drugs.

Single Dose vs Multiple Dose Prophylactic Antibiotic to Prevent Early Port-Site Infection in Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold standard treatment of symptomatic cholelithiasis. The need of the hour is to understand the fact that PSI is a totally different subset of infection and antibiotics are not a solution to this problem. The core issue of “prevention” is the principal solution. The study was undertaken to revalidate these well known facts with an effort to bring about a radical reform to this “social” rather than clinical problem. Material and Methods: The study comprised of 60 patients admitted for elective LC. The first thirty patients undergoing elective LC were given single dose (SD) ciprofloxacin (500 mg) within an hour between the induction and making of the first port. While the control group received ciprofloxacin (500mg) post-operatively in the ward from ward nurses (MD). Operation-room anesthetic assistant administered prophylactic antibiotics at induction of anaesthesia to all the patients. Results: Of the 30 cases that received single dose prophylactic antibiotic pre-operatively, 16.67% were males and 83.3% were females. And, of the 30 cases that received multiple dose prophylactic antibiotic pre as well as post-operatively, 10% were males and 90% were females. Analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference across the groups in regard to the duration of preoperative hospital stay. Of the 30 cases that received single dose prophylactic antibiotic preoperatively, only one patient suffered gross contamination during the surgery. Conclusion: The rate of early PSI after administration of single dose ciprofloxacin (500 mg) intravenously at induction of anesthesia and multiple dose ciprofloxacin (500 mg given thrice or four times) intravenously post-operatively for two or three days in addition to peri-operative dose is comparable in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Furthermore, hospital cost can be reduced with single dose antibiotic regimen. So single dose of ciprofloxacin 500 mg can be used safely in elective cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to avoid infection at port site.

Effects of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin on biofilm formation and virulence factors of Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the influence of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin (CIP) on biofilm formation and virulence factors of Escherichia coli clinical isolates. Methods: Sub-MICs of CIP were determined using growth curve experiments. The biofilm-forming capacity of E. coli clinical isolates and E. coli ATCC 25922 treated or untreated with sub-MICs of CIP was assessed using a crystal violet staining assay. The biofilm structure of E. coli isolate was assessed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The expression levels of the virulence genes fim, usp, and iron and the biofilm formation genes of the pgaABCD locus were measured using quantification RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) in E. coli isolates and E. coli ATCC 25922. Results: Based on our results, the sub-MICs of CIP were 1/4 MICs. Sub-MICs of CIP significantly inhibited biofilm formation of E. coli clinical isolates and E. coli ATCC 25922 (p < 0.01). SEM analyses indicated that the biofilm structure of the E. coli changed significantly after treatment with sub-MICs of CIP. Expression levels of the virulence genes fim, usp, and iron and the biofilm formation genes of the pgaABCD locus were also suppressed. Conclusions: The results revealed that treatment with sub-MICs of CIP for 24 h inhibited biofilm formation and reduced the expression of virulence genes and biofilm formation genes in E. coli.